Title:
EVALUATION OF INCOME INEQUALITY IN VIETNAM: TRENDS, DISPARITIES, AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

Authors:
Quynh Tho NGUYEN and Minh Thu Trang NGO, Vietnam

Abstract:
This study examines income inequality in Vietnam from 2002 to 2025 using the Gini coefficient and the Population-Weighted Coefficient of Variation (PWCV), with a focus on disparities across urban and rural areas, regions, and ethnic groups. The findings show that inequality increased sharply during 2002–2010 due to geographically concentrated industrialization and WTO integration. It remained relatively high but stable during 2011–2019, supported by rural development and sustainable poverty reduction programs. From 2020 onward, inequality temporarily declined because of the COVID-19 pandemic and social protection measures, including Resolution No. 42/NQ-CP. Although the urban–rural income gap narrowed, inequality within rural and disadvantaged areas remained substantial, while poverty among ethnic minorities declined significantly. During 2026–2030, the Gini coefficient may rise if the benefits of economic growth are not distributed more equitably. The study recommends expanding green finance and Fintech access for low-income groups, investing in infrastructure in remote areas, and strengthening ethnic minority support programs to promote inclusive and sustainable growth.